They first came to power in 1613, and over the next three centuries, 18 Romanovs took the Russian throne, including Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I and Nicholas II. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. The Medici family can be traced to the Mugello valley just north of Florence where they were mentioned in a document from the year 1230. The Medici headed Europe's largest bank, became Florence's richest family, and controlled Florentine politics. Omissions? Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. The Medici villa of Cafaggiolo was the family's Mugello home, located near present day Barberino di Mugello. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. Giovanni de Medici: First Power Broker Giovanni de Bicci de' Medici was the first Medici of import. Descendants of members of the silk guild and descendants of attorneys both at the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the wealthiest families today. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. ADVERTISEMENT Where do the rich people live in Florence? One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 137882, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. When Giovanni (Dustin Hoffman) dies, his son Cosimo (Richard Madden, Games of Thrones 's Robb Stark) knows foul play was involved and sets out to solve the whodunnit. Three lines of Medici successively approached or acquired positions of power. Giovanni, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. They were well known for their banking prowess and are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership many great works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities (February 7, 1497). [13] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class.[14]. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. [29] Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. Set in the 15th century, Medici: Masters of Florence investigates a death in Florence's all-powerful Medici family: the controllers of Europe's largest bank. In later years the most significant protg of the Medici family was Michelangelo Buonarroti (14751564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. It provided the Roman Catholic Church with four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI) and married into the royal families of Europe (most notably in France, in the persons of Queens Catherine de Mdici and Marie de Mdicis). Henry and Catherine became the ancestors of monarchs of several countries. Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturingincluding a form of franchises. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. Contents 1 Background, pedigree and family ties 1.1 Henry II of France 1.2 Catherine de' Medici 2 Children 3 Descendants of Elizabeth of Valois This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 23:27. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.[16]. This MEDICI index was pre-built so it loads quickly. Some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to Florence. He died the same month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. Experience the Medici in Florence with HISTORY Travel. This added to their family heritage and affluence, earning them the title of Duke of Florence. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family. [38] The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. His sister (Anna Maria Luisa if nemory serves) survived him for a few years, but couldnt't give birth to any heir. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). The Medici, rulers of Renaissance Florence, are not the most obvious example of a multiracial family. Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. He bought what became the Palazzo Medici . The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. He groomed the headstrong Piero II to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni[21] (future Pope Leo X) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of Pope Innocent VIII that cemented the alliance between the Medici and the Roman branches of the Cybo and Altoviti families. Click here for live data and advanced tools for collaboration, genetic genealogy, surname projects, etc. Four members of the Medici family went on to become the Popes of the Catholic Church. As the story goes, Averardo was riding through an area north of Florence known the Mugello when he read more, Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious freedom in the New World, set sail from England on the Mayflower in September 1620. It is said that Alessandro had his cousin Ippolito killed shortly before he himself was done away with by another vengeful member of the clan. The House of Medici (English: / m d t i / MED-i-chee, Italian: [mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The differences between these three collateral lines are essentially due to circumstances, for there was in all the Medici an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. "They were bankers," says Bartlett. Are there descendants of the Medici family? His natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term Renaissance man. Today he remains best known for two of his paintings, "Mona Lisa" and "The Last read more, Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter and architect widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of theRenaissanceand arguably of all time. . He initiated the Medici's rise to power. His grandson Salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto (common people) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. Lorenzos great-great-grandson Cosimo (1519-1574) became duke of Florence in 1537, then grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. Beginning in 1434 with the rise to power of Cosimo de Medici (or Cosimo the Elder), the familys patronage of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, Europes scientific, artistic and cultural rebirth. They were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the West has ever seen. He also fathered two sons, one of whom, Giuliano (145378) was assassinated. Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The Galileo Project. Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestros distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. In Japan, Ottaviano d Medici, the first male successor, was introduced as a descendant of the Medici family on the . Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Please join us. When the last Medici grand duke, Gian Gastone, died without a male heir in 1737, the family dynasty died with him. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. His daughter Marie would become queen of France when she married Henry IV in 1600; her son would rule as Louis XIII from 1610-43. Giulia de' Medici. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis XI in 1465. As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. Cosimo III married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. Giovanni de Medici first brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. The pact states that the artworks belong to the state to educate people about the Medici family and attract tourism. Giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring the family back to positions of power. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. History of the Medici Rulers 1. . Pieros son, also named Lorenzo, regained power in Florence, and his daughter Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) would become queen of France after marrying King Henry II; three of her four sons would rule France as well. The conspirators approached Sixtus IV in the hopes of gaining his approval, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. By the 1520s, nonetheless, the descendants of Cosimo the Elder had become few in number. I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen. [1], Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, Coat of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, Italian banking family and political dynasty, "Medicis" redirects here. . Eldest son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. Inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son, Louis XIII. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . The Medici bank was founded by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in Florence in 1397. Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, Medici family tree Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany), Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg, "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela", "Medici Family Encyclopdia Britannica", "Music and the Medici The Medici Archive Project", "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 14001434", "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Electress Palatine", "Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004", "The Medici balls: Origins of the family's coat of arms", Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004), Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 14001737, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Medici&oldid=1134291888, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house, Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. [78] Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (151137), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. The family tree of the Medicis illustrates the political impact of wealth accumulated through trade, commerce, and banking. Overthrown when. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. In a separate pan, fry the bread crumbs with the . An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. The most outstanding sculpture created during his reign, Baccio Bandinelli's colossal . Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with France and Spain. Giovanni's elder son, Cosimo de. [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. Alessandro de Medici, for instance, who ruled the Florentine republic in the early 1500s, is believed by some historians to have been the famed Lorenzo de Medici's illegitimate son. Pope Leo X would chiefly commission works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel just before the pontiff's death in 1534. [33], Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. These descendants included Cosimo I, who became Duke of Florence in 1537 and grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. Medici, one of Italy's most celebrated clans. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted two centuries. "Beginning with Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), he established several branches of the Medici Bank, the most lucrative associated with the papal court. [19], Piero de' Medici (14161469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (14641469). His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. But Prince Ottaviano de'Medici di Toscana, a modern descendant of the once-powerful Medici family, has told The Telegraph he is incensed by the bash in the fort his ancestors built, and is . Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. Piero II de Medici+ b. The couple first lived in Palazzo Bardi before Cosimo, being ambitious, decided to have a mansion of his own. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco. Pius II granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining there, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.[24]. His contemporaries read more, Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. A tradition dating back to the sixteenth century suggests that Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate child of the Florentine banking family who in 1532 became duke of Florence, was the son of an Afro-European woman. After 1340 an economic depression throughout Europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. Because of her generous love for the city of Florence, the last descendant of the family, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, created the "Family Pacts," which ensures the preservation of all of the Medici family's artwork. In 1512, thanks in part to the efforts of Pieros younger brother Giovanni (a cardinal at the time and the future Pope Leo X), the Medici family was able to return to Florence. Cosimo the Elder's notable artistic associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. [56] (see Medici family tree). During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Together, they have tens of thousands of living descendants today, including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. Legend says the dynasty descended from a giant-slaying knight. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. All episodes of Season 3 of 'Medici' are now streaming on Netflix. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. His two sons were Piero (1416-69) and Giovanni (1424-63). He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. Rice University.Medici Family: Origins and History. It has also been argued that these coins referenced the three coins or golden balls associated with St. Nicholas, particularly as the saint was invoked by Italian bankers as they took oaths. . And there are still about 100, 000 descendants of this great family, but zero patrilineal descendants. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. For example, the Medici family gained political control over Florence in the 1430s, which ultimately led to the end of the Florence Republic and led to their reign as monarchs over the city-state. The most significant of the Medici families currently are the Medici Tornaquinci and the Medici di Ottajano. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. He ruled for five years. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Leo X. The Medici family has also been the subject of medico-historical interest, as many of its most prominent figures were known to have suffered from debilitating illnesses throughout their lives. Francis younger brother Ferdinand, who became grand duke in 1587, restored Tuscany to stability and prosperity. [47] On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. The family also got its genes mixed with those of most royal families in Europe. Clement also convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). The conspiracy involved the Pazzi and Salviati families, both rival banking families seeking to end the influence of the Medici, as well as the priest presiding over the church services, the Archbishop of Pisa, and even Pope Sixtus IV to a degree. 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Died under mysterious circumstances the city 's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming by... 54 ] and she was interred in the wool trade, commerce, and banking also convinced Charles V name... 73 ] the city 's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the early 1520s,,... Insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen, which lasted two centuries territory became secundogeniture. Medicis rose to become medici family descendants of the family & # x27 ; &! In Japan, Ottaviano d Medici, third son of Cosimo the Elder had become few in number 54... Got its genes mixed with those of most royal families in Europe the Florentines grieved,! As an unparalleled patron of the most important families in Europe its genes mixed with of...
