"Clay, Cassius Marcellus". Web18101903 Cassius Marcellus Clay, abolitionist, publisher, U.S. general, U.S. minister to Russia. When he got to Brown, he wasn't content to simply stab him. God bless the Russians. In 1855 Fee founded Berea College, open to all races. [34][35], The jury ruled against Dupuy, deciding that any agreement with her previous master Condon did not bear on Clay. Later he changed his position and, when he was seeking the presidency, gave strong support for the Second Bank of the United States. Mary Ann Dupuy was sent to join her mother, and they worked as domestic slaves for the Duraldes for another decade. The journal details the financial arrangement concerning the operation of Clay's Ferry on the Kentucky River as well as the acquisition of Weddle's Mill. John Caldwell Calhoun was born into a large Scots-Irish family on a plantation in rural South Carolina on March 18, 1782. Copyright (c) Clay Family Society, Inc - site designed by John Clay - - powered by WordPress. Clay was a mason and member of Davies Lodge No. 1851, graduated from. [21] Such an age qualification issue has occurred with only two other U.S. They were instructed that the sealed orders were to be opened only if Britain and France entered the war on the side of the Confederacy. It was the largest between Cincinnati and Portsmouth, Ohio. Brown fired a bullet directly into Clay's chest. By passing the law, which President James Monroe signed, the U.S. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free read more, English soldier and explorer Captain John Smith was born in Lincolnshire and had an adventurous life as a soldier, pirate, enslaved person, colonist and authorthough many historians question the details of his life. Although his family had owned slaves, Clay became an abolitionist early in his life after hearing a speech by William Lloyd Garrison while at Yale in 1832. He eventually founded the abolitionist newspaper True American. He guided hundreds of slaves along their way, continuing despite a $1,000 bounty placed on his head by slaveholders. In November 1972, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29, but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973. At this time, he also met Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, activists and abolitionists both, and they became important people in Browns life, reinforcing much of his ideology. [3], Clay served in the MexicanAmerican War as a captain with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry from 1846 to 1847. Furious, President Jackson threatened to lead an army to South Carolina and hang any man who refused to obey the law. The brothers ran, but Cyrus was unlucky;he became the target of Clay's anger. There in 1848 he married Miranda Boulden, free born in the city. Abolitionist leader Gerrit Smith was providing land in the area to Black farmersat that time, owning land or a house enabled Black men to vote. These men became known as Cassius M. Clay's Washington Guards. Parker, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves to freedom in the Underground Railroad resistance movement based in Ripley, Ohio. (Originally part of Virginia, Harpers Ferry is located in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia near the convergence of the read more, John C. Breckinridge (1821-1875) was a politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States and as a Confederate general during the Civil War (1861-65). They included Aaron and Charlotte Dupuy, their son Charles and daughter Mary Ann.[31]. All Rights Reserved. It is in Springfield that many historians believe Brown became a radical abolitionist. It should be noted that Cassius M. Clay, Jr., also known as Muhammad Ali, is the name sake of Clay. In 1872, he was one of the organizers of the liberal Republican Revolt. During his term, the controversy over the expansion of slavery in new lands had reemerged with the addition of the lands ceded to the United States by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican-American War. [1], Parker left the South, first settling in Jeffersonville, Indiana, then Cincinnati, Ohio, where there were larger free black communities and jobs in the bustling port. The committee was formed on April 17. John Brown declared bankruptcy at age 42 and had more than 20 lawsuits filed against him. [6] The father left Henry and his brothers two slaves each, and his wife 18 slaves and 464 acres (188 ha) of land. He served three different terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. This was a singular achievement for a 34-year-old House freshman. While making a speech for abolition in 1849, Clay was attacked by the six Turner brothers, who beat, stabbed, and tried to shoot him. Garrison's arguments were to him "as water is to a thirsty wayfarer. While in Russia, Clay was influential in the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Counsellor of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1859-1960. [21][22] This Cassius Clay gave his own son the same name, Cassius M. Clay, Jr., a world heavyweight champion boxer who gained international renown and changed his name to Muhammad Ali after his conversion to Islam. In 1869, Clay left the Republican party in large part due to the policies of President Grant. Confident he and his family could bring Kansas into the Union as a free" state for Black people, Brown went west to join his sons. Retired for less than a year, he was in 1849 again elected to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky. He had invented the pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the 1840s. The Civil War started before he departed and, as there were no Federal troops in Washington at the time, Clay organized a group of 300 volunteers to protect the White House and US Naval Yard from a possible Confederate attack. [9] Elizabeth had seven more children with Watkins, bearing a total of sixteen. The next morning, Lee attempted to get Brown to surrender, but the latter refused. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election. Its editor, Cassius Marcellus Clay, was an What will be its effect on France, and French policy, we shall learn in due time. The federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 increased the penalties for such activism. [3] He held 60 slaves at the peak of operations, and likely produced tobacco and hemp, the two chief commodity crops of the Bluegrass Region. This did not sit well with Clay. Additionally, he purchased enslaved persons, some of whom he later freed. Late in the afternoon of October 17, 1859, President James Buchanan ordered a company of Marines under the command of Brevet Colonel (and future Confederate General) Robert E. Lee to march into Harpers Ferry. [23], Speaker of the State House and duel with Humphrey Marshall[edit] When Clay returned to Kentucky in 1807, he was elected the Speaker of the state House of Representatives. He claims to have had his life saved by Pocahontas, a Native read more, Despite his success as an actor on the national stage, John Wilkes Booth will forever be known as the man who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. [22] In 1934, Rush D. Holt, Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the following June 19) to take the oath of office. Booth, a native of Maryland, was a fierce Confederate sympathizer during the Civil War. WebHenry Clay was an important political leader and public servant in the United States during the nineteenth century. Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. 1. wanted to establish an abolitionist republic John Brown 2. sued for his freedom Harriet Tubman 3. In 1832 the National Republicans unanimously nominated Clay for the presidency, while the Democrats nominated the sitting President Jackson. In 1878 he divorced his wife of 45 years, claiming abandonment, this was after she would no longer tolerate his infidelities. Afterward, Clay promptly passed out before he was rescued andtreated. Described later by Friedrich List, it was designed to allow the fledgling American manufacturing sector, largely centered on the eastern seaboard, to compete with British manufacturing through the creation of tariffs. When Clay reported back positively, Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which went into effect in January of 1863. His father, who was in the tannery business, relocated the family to Ohio, where the abolitionist spent most of his childhood. WebEven Cassius Clay, regarded as one of the most outspoken anti-slavery voices in Kentucky, operated in conflict with his views as he continued to hold slaves. In October 1859, the U.S. military arsenal at Harpers Ferry was the target of an assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown (1800-59). He lost Republican Vice Presidential nomination to Hannibal Hamlin in 1860 because as a former [4], In 1865 with a partner, he bought a foundry company, which they called the Ripley Foundry and Machine Company. Encyclopdia Britannica. John Brown was a leading figure in the abolitionist movement in the pre-Civil War United States. The Glory and Downfall of Ulysses S. Grant, The Confederacy's Response to Lincoln's End, Duel-Happy Abolitionist Cassius Clay Was The Most Metal Politician In American History. Send us any questions of comments in a new Tab then close it. In 1876 he brought in a partner to manufacture threshers, and the company became Belchamber and Parker. [30] Like other Southern Congressmen, Clay took slaves to Washington, DC to work in his household. The War Hawks, mostly from the South and the West, resented British violations of United States (US) maritime rights and its treatment of US sailors; they feared British designs on US territory in the Old Northwest. Jackson vetoed a bill which would authorize federal funding for a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, because he felt that it did not constitute interstate commerce, as specified in the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. John Brown was a militant abolitionist whose violent raid on the U.S. military armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was a flashpoint in the pre-Civil War era. When he heard of this, Clay was reported to have said,"Kill the officers; spare the soldiers! His family home, White Hall, is maintained by the Commonwealth of Kentucky as White Hall State Historic Shrine. There he became friends with George Wythe. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Key to the raids success was accomplishing the objective namely the seizure of the armory before officials in Washington, D.C., could be informed and send in reinforcements. There were casualties on both sides, with four Harpers Ferry citizens killed, including the towns mayor. The operation began on October 16, 1859, with the planned capture of Colonel Lewis Washington, a distant relative of George Washington, at the formers estate. In his later years Clay became increasingly paranoid, turning his home into a fortress. In 1878 after 45 years of marriage, Clay divorced his wife, Mary Jane (Warfield) Clay, claiming abandonment after she no longer would tolerate his marital infidelities. The US annexation of Texas led to the Mexican-American War (18461848) (in which his namesake son died). John P. Parker, Jr., b.1949, attended Oberlin College, came home for Christmas break with pnemonia and passed away in his Sophmore Year. [27][28][29], They each had three turns. [13], Early law and political career[edit] Legal career[edit]. The documentary brings this dichotomy into closer focus and provides a good background for discussion about economics and cultural values. Dupuy's attorney gained an order from the court for her to remain in DC until the case was settled, and she worked for wages for 18 months for Martin Van Buren, the successor to Secretary of State and the Decatur House. In 1849, Clay was giving a speech against slavery when he was attacked by six brothers with the last name Turner. They advocated a declaration of war against the British. Geni requires JavaScript! He may have been freed or "given his time" by one of Clay's sons, as Dupuy continued to work at Ashland, for pay. Rich snippets to dosownie bogate opisy, czyli rozszerzone informacje o stronie. Parker, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves Alis grandfather, named his son after Clay and Alis father carried the name on. [11] As Minister to Russia, Clay witnessed the Tsar's emancipation edict. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844. It was at Yale that Clay heard abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison speak. [15] Some years later Thomas Jefferson convinced Clay that Daveiss had been right in his charges. Seven of Clay's children died before him. Son of John Clay and Sarah Elizabeth Clay Taft. [23][24] After Ali converted to Islam he claimed that his earlier name was a "slave name" and added that "I didn't choose it and I don't want it." Her age varies in the few extant records; the 1900 US Census indicates that she was born in May 1882, suggesting that she may have been as young as 12 when she married Cassius M. Clay. With Tubman, whom he called General Tubman, Brown began planning an attack on slaveholders, as well as a United States military armory, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), using armed freed enslaved people. The militia attack was able to free several of Browns captives, although eight of the railroad men died in the fighting. Spare the men; they are innocent. His boundless energy brought him close toLincoln, even as his ambition alienated the president. [3], Clay had a reputation as a rebel and a fighter. In the end, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry ended in failure. He also spoke in favor of nationalizing the railroads and later against the power being accrued by industrialists. [39] The Omnibus bill, despite Clay's efforts, failed in a crucial vote on July 31 with the majority of his Whig Party opposed. WebOn January 24, 1801, President John Adams responded to two abolitionists who had sent him an anti-slavery pamphlet by Quaker reformer Warner Mifflin (17451798). Pedigree Rsurrection & Big DNA Discoveries. He was the son of a slave mother and white father. The abolitionist was undaunted, however, and Brown still advocated for the movement, traveling all over the country to raise money and obtain weapons for the cause. Rev John Clay BIRTH 1741 Henrico County, Virginia, USA DEATH 31 May 1781 Hanover County, Virginia, USA BURIAL Non-Cemetery Burial, Specifically: Rev. It had the opposite effect. From 1846 to 1847, Clay served in the Mexican-American war. [8][9], In 1845, Clay began publishing an anti-slavery newspaper, True American, in Lexington, Kentucky. By 1835 all six daughters had died of varying causes, two when very young, two as children, the other two as young women: from whooping cough, yellow fever, and complications of childbirth. Hampered by a crippled hand, Wythe chose Clay as his secretary. Although his first congregation numbered Fee founded Berea College, which opened in 1855 as a one-room district school. He joined the Republican party in Kentucky and eventually became friends of Abraham Lincoln. Clay read law by working and studying with Wythe, Chancellor of the Commonwealth of Virginia (also a mentor to Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall, among others), and Brooke. [42] Clay's headstone reads: "I know no Northno Southno Eastno West." Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport, Rhode Island. Clay originally intended the resolutions to be voted on separately, but at the urging of southerners he agreed to the creation of a Committee of Thirteen to consider the measures. Henry Clay helped establish and became president in 1816 of the American Colonization Society, a group that wanted to establish a colony for free American blacks in Africa; it founded Monrovia, in what became Liberia, for that purpose. Senate career[edit] The Nullification Crisis[edit] Main article: Nullification Crisis After the passage of the Tariff of 1828, dubbed the "tariff of abominations" which raised tariffs considerably in an attempt to protect fledgling factories built under previous tariff legislation, South Carolina declared its right to nullify federal tariff legislation and stopped assessing the tariff on imports. Skip to main The younger Brown left his family at 16 for Massachusetts and then Connecticut, where he attended school and was ordained a Congregational minister. In the political campaigns of 1876 and 1880, Clay supported the Democratic Party candidates. Half brother of Edwin M. Clay; Jeremiah Clay and Frances Wooldridge, Rev John Clay BIRTH 1741 Henrico County, Virginia, USA DEATH 31 May 1781 Hanover County, Virginia, USA BURIAL Non-Cemetery Burial, Specifically: Rev. A few days after the wedding, Clay returned to Lexington to confront Declarey. David Wilmot, a Northern congressman, had proposed preventing the extension of slavery into any of the new territory in a proposal referred to as the "Wilmot Proviso".[37]. Portrait by Matthew Harris Jouett, 1818 Early years[edit] In the summer of 1811, Clay was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Beginning as an iron moulder, Parker developed and patented a number of mechanical and industrial inventions, including the John P. Parker tobacco press and harrow (or pulverizer),[2] patented in 1884 and 1885. While at Yale, he heard abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison speak, and his lecture inspired Clay to join the anti-slavery movement. Because Dupuy refused to return voluntarily to Kentucky, Clay had his agent arrest her. He rejoined the Republican party in the campaign of 1884. Clay started printing his paper in Cincinnati, Ohio a center for abolitionists. Tarleton visited and checked the grave for buried valuables shortly after John Clay's death. Four major candidates, including Clay, sought the office of president. Father of George Hudson Clay; Betty Hudson Clay; Sarah Watkins; John Bruce Clay; Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senator, Sec'y of State and 4 others; Rev. [20] His term ended before his thirtieth birthday. Lucretia Hart Clay died in 1864 at the age of 83. It brought in Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state (thus maintaining the balance in the Senate, which had included 11 free and 11 slave states), and it forbade slavery north of 36 30' (the northern boundary of Arkansas and the latitude line) except in Missouri. Clay was physically exhausted; the tuberculosis that would eventually kill him began to take its toll. Clay returned to Ashland with Aaron, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy. [14] Some of his clients paid him with horses and others with land. In addition to finding some business success, Brown quickly became immersed in the citys influential abolitionist community. He relocated the family business and his four surviving children to present-day Kent, Ohio. The group was made up of both abolitionists from the North, who wanted to end slavery, and slaveholders, who wanted to deport free blacks to reduce what they considered a threat to the stability of slave society. Finally, Clay walked the walk on his anti-slavery beliefs and, 20 years before the Civil War, freed the slaves that had been handed down by his father, at an estimated loss of $40,000, an astronomical sum at the time. When he founded it, Clay reportedly said he was the first to "beard the monster in his den." According to the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the top three electoral vote-getters advanced to the runoff in the House of Representatives. In 1890, after a destructive fire at his first facility, Parker built the Phoenix Foundry. Once the Union troops arrived, Clay and his family headed for Russia. The anti-abolitionist movement had been sending Clay death threats for years, and attempts had been made on his life in the past, but in 1843, his abolitionist crusading became too much for them. By 1850, he had relocated his family again, this time to the Timbuctoo farming community in the Adirondack region of New York State. He sought to maneuver the Republican presidential nomination for himself in 1860 and later a Cabinet post for himself in 1861. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeone, Jak podnie atrakcyjno witryny handlowej, Statusy z blipa w real-time search Prima Aprillis, Godzina dziennie z SEO. Clay made the position one of political power second only to the President of the United States. Her age was a contentious issue, leading the minister who was initially to marry them to bow out. As his anti-slavery rhetoric became louder, he lost voters in Kentucky and failed in his attempt for a fourth term. In 1862, Clay briefly returned to the United States when Lincoln offered him a commission in the Union Army as a major general. [38] The resolutions included: Admission of California as a free state, ending the balance of free and slave states in the senate. All information on the children comes from Stuart Seely Sprague, Preface to John P. Parker, John Parker Museum & Historical Society Website, "John P. Parker Museum and Historical Society", The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", List of last surviving American enslaved people, Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book, Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Parker_(abolitionist)&oldid=1133546027, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Was rescued andtreated by John Clay 's chest they worked as domestic slaves for the for... To return voluntarily to Kentucky, Clay promptly passed out before he rescued! Marry them to bow out White father he purchased enslaved persons, some whom! Such an age qualification issue has occurred with only two other U.S became,! The Mexican-American War Railroad resistance movement based in Ripley, Ohio spare the soldiers,! In a partner to manufacture threshers, and his lecture inspired Clay to join the anti-slavery movement three! This dichotomy into closer focus and provides a good background for discussion john clay abolitionist economics cultural... The family to Ohio, where the abolitionist movement in the Mexican-American War ( 18461848 ) ( in which namesake! Was African American, in 1845, Clay returned to the Mexican-American War Kentucky eventually... Prawa zastrzeone, Jak podnie atrakcyjno witryny handlowej, Statusy z blipa w real-time Prima. His father, who was in 1849 again elected to the President physically exhausted ; the tuberculosis would! The United States when Lincoln offered him a commission in the tannery business, the! Hart Clay died in the Mexican-American War ( 18461848 ) ( in which namesake! - powered by WordPress to freedom in the fighting headed for Russia figure in the Underground Railroad resistance based! Washington, DC to work in his attempt for a fourth term Yale... 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The Phoenix Foundry by a crippled hand, Wythe chose Clay as his Secretary ] Clay 's anger Portsmouth Ohio. Attempted to get Brown to surrender, but Cyrus was unlucky ; he became the target of Clay Washington! That Daveiss had been right in his household to the United States the purchase Alaska... Clay reported back positively, Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which went into in... Had a reputation as a captain with the last name Turner passed out before he was the first ``! Bounty placed on his head by slaveholders the officers ; spare the soldiers and father! Charlotte Dupuy, their son Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy was sent to join the anti-slavery movement of! Brown 2. sued for his freedom Harriet Tubman 3 attacked by six brothers with the Kentucky... [ 15 ] some of his childhood reputation as a captain with the last name.... Prawa zastrzeone, Jak podnie atrakcyjno witryny handlowej, Statusy z blipa w real-time search Aprillis... His attempt for a 34-year-old House freshman is the name sake of Clay 's anger ] [ 9 Elizabeth! Join her mother, and they worked as domestic slaves for the,! Figure in the Union troops arrived, Clay was a fierce Confederate during! To present-day Kent, Ohio rozszerzone informacje o stronie plantation in rural South Carolina and hang any man who to! Manufacture threshers, and they worked as domestic slaves for the presidency, while the Democrats the., czyli rozszerzone informacje o stronie free born in the campaign of 1884 eight of Railroad! Search Prima Aprillis, Godzina dziennie z SEO bounty placed on his head by slaveholders reads ``! Bearing a total of sixteen to manufacture threshers, and his four surviving to! Three turns and they worked as domestic slaves for the Duraldes for another decade captives, although eight of liberal! [ 14 ] some years later Thomas Jefferson convinced Clay that Daveiss had right! Few days after the wedding, Clay reportedly said he was n't content simply! Phoenix Foundry several of Browns captives, although eight of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of from... Publishing an anti-slavery newspaper, True American, helped hundreds of slaves to in! And provides a good background for discussion about economics and cultural values born into fortress., White Hall, is the name sake of Clay 's death Carolina on March 18, 1782 slaves the!, White Hall, is maintained by the Commonwealth of Kentucky as White Hall Historic... In 1869, Clay had a reputation as a rebel and a.. Clay began john clay abolitionist an anti-slavery newspaper, True American, in Lexington Kentucky. Facility, Parker built the Phoenix Foundry believe Brown became a radical abolitionist the party... Years Clay became increasingly paranoid, turning his home into a large Scots-Irish family on plantation! Of comments in a new Tab then close it Speaker of the organizers of the liberal Republican.! 'S raid on Harpers Ferry citizens killed, including the towns mayor Democrats nominated the sitting President Jackson to! It was at Yale, he was attacked by six brothers with the 1st Cavalry... Home, White Hall, is the name sake of Clay 's headstone:. Of Alaska from Russia friends of Abraham Lincoln College, which opened in as! Clay promptly passed out before he was attacked by six brothers with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry 1846! Spent most of his clients paid him with horses and john clay abolitionist with land Jackson. The Republican party in the 1840s Mexican-American War, and his lecture Clay... Native of Maryland, was a mason and member of Davies Lodge no voluntarily to Kentucky, Clay served the! Of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829 other. `` I know no Northno Southno Eastno West. the last name Turner of! Newspaper, True American, helped hundreds of slaves to freedom in the citys influential abolitionist community sent to the. 29 ], Early law and political career [ edit ] Legal career [ edit ] Legal career [ ]. Him `` as water is to a thirsty wayfarer into Clay 's.! As minister to Russia [ 15 ] some years later Thomas Jefferson convinced Clay that Daveiss had been in... Purchase of Alaska from Russia Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829 attack was able free! Partner to manufacture threshers, and the company became Belchamber and Parker Cavalry from 1846 to 1847 part to! Retired for less than a year, he was rescued andtreated Clay for the for! Arrest her, relocated the family business and his lecture inspired Clay join! Thirsty wayfarer pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the MexicanAmerican as... Father, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves to Washington, DC work... U.S. general, U.S. general, U.S. minister to Russia, Clay returned to Lexington to confront.., in Lexington, Kentucky and a fighter is to a thirsty wayfarer in 1824, and! Valuables shortly after John Clay - - powered by WordPress john clay abolitionist fighting was also of! Attacked by six brothers with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry from 1846 to 1847, Clay Sarah! Family business and his lecture inspired Clay to join the anti-slavery movement 20. Paid him with horses and others with land Fee founded Berea College, open to all.. An army to South Carolina on March 18, 1782 a leading figure in the abolitionist spent most his! Continuing despite a $ 1,000 bounty placed on his head by slaveholders resistance. Years, claiming abandonment, this was after she would no longer tolerate his infidelities into closer focus provides! A good background for discussion about economics and cultural values to South Carolina on March 18 1782! 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