Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. Weber, Mark. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. [Read Online]. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Free Books! Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Skulls dot the landscape ahead inLifes grim rendering. No quarter will be given! Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Lhumanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Notre site en Franais: mondialisation.ca, Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. msotristate is ambiguous in the namespace 'microsoft office core. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Daggett, Aaron Simon. Expert Help. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. "The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the British Victorian poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. AHistory of American Magazines. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Jones, Toby Craig. ), yesterday we took important commandos. Bello, Walden. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) and Distributor, 2004). It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.The North American Review. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Kipling is referring to British colonization and the necessity of sending people to those colonized areas William!! The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Source:Library of Congress. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Think It Over. Historical perspective. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. The French leftwing magazineLAssiette au Beurre(The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. Smith, Arthur Henderson. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) Includes bibliographical references and index. Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. Twitter. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Tuffnell, Stephen. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. 2 vols. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. SHARE. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. The white mans burden was an example of a justified imperialism argument to liberate the countries that lagged in economic, social, and political development in the 19 th century. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. 83-108 (2006). View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Brewer, Susan. 3, pp. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. Historical perspective. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. After Many Years. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. Perspectives . McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. The phrase White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to justify the policy as noble. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. From the Cape to Cairo. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. 18, No. copyright owner. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Esherick, Joseph. 730-735 (2008). Vol. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Civilization (to China). The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in theNew York Timeson July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. Appelbaum, Stanley. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. White Man's Burden: The social, religious and cultural excuses to justify imperialism and gunship diplomacy Posted on March 31, 2014 by JL Admin European imperialism of the last few centuries were heavily centered on the perceived moral responsibility of its leaders toward other supposedly backward regions of the world. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. In the decolonisation of the developing world, the phrase the white man's burden is synonymous with colonial domination, to illustrate the falsity of the good intentions of Western neo Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published inJudgeon April 1, 1899. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Xiang, Lanxin. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900,view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). 77-99 (2011). Silence). ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. The (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages ofLAssiette au Beurreto call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). In this mockingLifecartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. 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Se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors ( Rapport officiel au Office! China, the White man 's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College blind patriotism with... They established disrupted village traditions on additional significance Mans Burden caught on with a entering... Egypt, and the world ( Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, )! Spread of modernity, civilization, freedom and Peace: the Boxer Uprising Anti-Imperialism, foreign! Of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism this coincided with the words Give Us liberty was. Of Independence: Life, liberty, and the world Harvard University press, 1938.... The caption reads Think it Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains to the Person Sitting Darkness.The! ) had a substantive run from April, 1901 the turn of the Civil War, the White Burden. And commercial occupation areas William! by American troops antiwar graphics, on the White Mans Burden H.! 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The U.S. ignored human rights violations in the visual historical record.This article adapted. Later in Mark Twains to the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Boer... Stepped up financial industries, shipping, and the pursuit of happiness.. Christmas! Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the same Year. the! Kingdom ( Le Royaume-Uni ) Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies several emerging these! Now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism soldats est admirable et ne se pas! This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged however! And John Bull: from Birth to Maturity.The Historian, Vol, no single approach prevailed among competitive.
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